PLC Programming

Programming Languages
A program loaded into PLC systems in machine code, a sequence of binary code numbers to represent the program instructions.Assembly language based on the use of mnemonics can be used, and a computer program called an assembler is used to translate the mnemonics into machine code.High level Languages (C, BASIC, etc.) can be used.

Programming Devices
PLC can be reprogrammed through an appropriate programming device:

[1]Programming Console
[2]PC
[3]Hand Programmer
Introduction to Ladder Logic
Ladder logic uses graphic symbols similar to relay schematic circuit diagrams.Ladder diagram consists of two vertical lines representing the power rails. Circuits are connected as horizontal lines between these two verticals.

Ladder diagram features
Power flows from left to right.
Output on right side can not be connected directly with left side.
Contact can not be placed on the right of output.
Each rung contains one output at least.
Each output can be used only once in the program.
A particular input a/o output can appear in more than one rung of a ladder.
The inputs a/o outputs are all identified by their addresses, the notation used depending on the PLC manufacturer.

Introduction to Statement list
Statement list is a programming language using mnemonic abbreviations of Booleanlogic operations. Boolean operations work on combinationof variables that are true or false.A statement is an instruction or directive for the PLC.

Statement List Operations

• Load (LD) instruction.
• And (A) instruction.
• Or (O) instruction.
• Output (=) instruction.

Function Block DiagramsFunction block is represented as a box with the function name written in.

please note: LD: load
O: or
AN: and not (and a normally closed contact)
ALD: AND the first LD with second LD